{"id":17077,"date":"2023-10-26T14:33:53","date_gmt":"2023-10-26T11:33:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/?p=17077"},"modified":"2023-10-26T14:33:54","modified_gmt":"2023-10-26T11:33:54","slug":"bilim-kulubunden-bakis-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/2023\/10\/26\/bilim-kulubunden-bakis-2\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u0130L\u0130M KUL\u00dcB\u00dcNDEN BAKI\u015e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

DEVLET\u0130N EKONOM\u0130DEK\u0130 ROL\u00dc ve KEMAL\u0130ST DEVLET\u00c7\u0130L\u0130K<\/strong> – 2<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            D\u00fcnk\u00fc yaz\u0131m\u0131zdaki ilk \u00f6rne\u011fimiz \u0130ngiltere idi, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde de ikinci \u00f6rne\u011fimiz; \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fimiz dostlu\u011funa g\u00fcven duydu\u011fumuz, 1960\u2019lardan sonra Anadolu insanlar\u0131n\u0131n; di\u015fli makinelerine \u00e7ark oldu\u011fu, emekleri ile kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yeri olan, Avrupa’n\u0131n s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fc olan ALMANYA\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya Merkantilizminin Alman devletindeki ad\u0131 “KAMERAL\u0130ZM”dir. Kamera; devlet gelirlerinin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. Sanayi Devrimi ile birlikte Alman ekonomisinde de devlet \u00fcretim ve ticari i\u015flerde etkin rol oynuyor. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda B\u00dcY\u00dcK FREDER\u0130CH Alman sanayisinin temelini olu\u015fturan, d\u00f6k\u00fcmhanelerin, demir i\u015fleme tesislerinin kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck ediyordu. Alman Milli Sanayisini korumak i\u00e7in tedbirler al\u0131yordu. 1820\u2019de FRIEDR\u0130CH L\u0130ST gibi yazarlar, serbest ticarete kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ekonomide y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde korumac\u0131l\u0131k kural haline geliyordu. 1800\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu; demir yollar\u0131n\u0131n, bir\u00e7ok sanayi tesisinin ve maden i\u015fletmelerinin y\u00f6netimini \u00fcstlendi. 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, bir\u00e7ok kentte sular idaresi, gaz ve elektrik da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok kurumun m\u00fclkiyeti ve i\u015fletmesi belediyelere aittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eu \u00f6nemli bir tespittir ki Almanya\u2019da devletin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f bir sanayi, sanayi burjuvazisi, Frans\u0131z sanayi ustalar\u0131nca e\u011fitilmi\u015f ve iyi yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f sanayi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci Cihan Harbi sonunda yenilmi\u015f bir Almanya vard\u0131. WEIMER H\u00fck\u00fcmetiVersay Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda yaln\u0131zca ulusal haklar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel de\u011ferlerini ve gelecek umutlar\u0131n\u0131 da masada b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bundan sonra \u00fclkede sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmeye uygun olmayan ilkel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi ve finans tekellerinin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yeniden payla\u015f\u0131m kavgalar\u0131, tarihin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belki de en ac\u0131mas\u0131z insanl\u0131k dram\u0131na neden oldu. Sava\u015f \u00f6ncesinin zengin Almanyas\u0131nda sadece 1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda 500.000 sivil a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. En korkun\u00e7 ac\u0131lar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dccretler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, i\u015fsizlik yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, orta ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmeler kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek enflasyon toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yoklu\u011fa mahkum etmi\u015ftir. Tarihsel olarak i\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ittifak yapmalar\u0131 gerekirken, WEIMER Almanyas\u0131nda birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Alman sanayicileri de SOVYET DEVR\u0130M\u0130\u2019nin etkisi ile \u00fclkelerinde Bol\u015fevik bir devrimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi ve sosyalist \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilece\u011fi korkusuna kap\u0131ld\u0131lar. B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi gruplar\u0131, JUNKERLER(b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri) ile yenilgi ve par\u00e7alanma utanc\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan askerlerle beraber, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte 30 Ekim 1918\u2019de KIEL\u2019de ROSA LUXEMBURG ve KARL L\u0130EBKNECHT\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde sosyalist ayaklanma olmu\u015ftu. 1920\u2019nin Mart ay\u0131na gelindi\u011finde askerler ve sa\u011fc\u0131 LUTTWITZ \u00f6nderli\u011finde darbe giri\u015fimi olmu\u015f fakat her ikisi de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler; ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri eylemlerle WEIMER H\u00fck\u00fcmetinden \u00f6nemli politik ve ekonomik haklar elde ettiler. Bu arada i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar da devam ediyordu. Ekonomi de her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitmekteydi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler siyasi \u00f6nderlikte anla\u015famam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ayd\u0131nlar, sosyal demokratlar ve kom\u00fcnistler olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi ve birbirleri ile didi\u015fiyorlar,yakla\u015fmakta olan FA\u015e\u0130ZM\u0130N ayak seslerini duymuyorlar; sosyal demokratlar kom\u00fcnistlere BOL\u015eEV\u0130KLER, kom\u00fcnistler de sosyal demokratlara SOSYAL FA\u015e\u0130ST diyorlard\u0131. Gelecek tehlikenin her ikisinin de sonu olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilincinde de\u011fillerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  \u0130\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc; sanayi burjuvazisi ve Junkerler\u2019de otoriter y\u00f6netim \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n sinyallerinin do\u011fmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biraz soluklanal\u0131m… Biraz da \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k yap\u0131p insanl\u0131k tarihinin (bilinen) en ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve kanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminin lideri HITLER\u2019in maceralar\u0131n\u0131 anlatal\u0131m. ADOLF HITLER\u2019in soya\u011fac\u0131na k\u0131saca g\u00f6z atal\u0131m. HITLER; evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ili\u015fkiden do\u011fmu\u015f(1886) bir k\u00f6y \u00e7ocu\u011fudur. Kaba, zevklerine d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn, karanl\u0131k ya\u015fant\u0131l\u0131, sevgisiz, dengesiz ve tutars\u0131zd\u0131r. Okulu b\u0131rakt\u0131ktan sonra i\u015fe girip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131. Yeteneksizdi, mimar olmay\u0131 denedi ba\u015faramad\u0131. Ressam olmay\u0131 denedi resimleri satmad\u0131. Yoksulluk sefillik y\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Yahudi d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ilik ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler edindi. Hi\u00e7 meslek edinemedi, politikada karar k\u0131ld\u0131.M\u00fcnih\u2019te i\u015f\u00e7i partisi adl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck milliyet\u00e7i bir guruba girdi ve bu partinin ad\u0131n\u0131 1920\u2019de Nasyonel Sosyalist Parti olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirip ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. B\u00f6ylece HITLER\u2019in politik ser\u00fcveni ba\u015flad\u0131. (2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otoriter y\u00f6netim isteyenlerin partisi haz\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eimdi Alman sanayicilerinden, ba\u015fta petrol kral\u0131 DEUTERDING, potasyum kral\u0131 ARNOLD RECHBERG, k\u00f6m\u00fcr kral\u0131 KIRDOF, banker KURT VON SCHR\u00d6DER ve daha bir\u00e7ok sanayici ve Junkerlerin maddi deste\u011fi(hepsi kesenin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131p, HITLERE mark ak\u0131tt\u0131lar), askerlerin ve polisin de manevi ve fiziki yard\u0131mlar\u0131, h\u0131zla HITLER\u0130N politikada y\u00fckselmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitler hile ve bask\u0131larla, \u00fclkeyi \u00fc\u00e7 kez se\u00e7ime g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesine ra\u011fmen en fazla %33.1oy alabildi. Artan \u015fiddet,sokak hareketleri ve k\u0131y\u0131mlar, oylar\u0131n %53\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc alan efsanevi lider HINDENBURG\u2019u iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve 30 Ocak 1933 g\u00fcn\u00fc, malum \u00e7evrelerin istemi do\u011frultusunda HITLER\u2019e iktidar yolu a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. SS ve SA k\u0131talar\u0131 \u015fiddete devam ettiler. Sosyal demokrat ve Kom\u00fcnist partiyi kapatt\u0131lar. \u00dcyelerini tutuklad\u0131lar ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Sokak ortas\u0131nda zaman\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yakt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik olarakta kendilerini iktidara ta\u015f\u0131yan g\u00fc\u00e7lere; \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en h\u0131zl\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerini yaparak, Alman ekonomisinin can damarlar\u0131n\u0131 pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ektiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zetle; \u0130kinci Cihan Harbi sonunda Hitler \u00f6ld\u00fcve Alman ekonomisi de dibe vurdu. Hitlerin delili\u011fi ba\u015fta Avrupa topluluklar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011fa b\u00fcy\u00fck ac\u0131lar verdi. Ona g\u00fc\u00e7 verenler peri\u015fan oldular. Ben hala Alman Ulusunun b\u00f6yle tutars\u0131z bir ki\u015fili\u011fin arkas\u0131ndan nas\u0131l gitti\u011fini merak ederim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 Amerikan ve \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgal kuvvetleri Almanya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir para reformu yapt\u0131lar. REICHSMARK tedav\u00fclden kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, yerine DEUTSCHE MARK tedav\u00fcle konuldu. Liberal ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131. H\u00dcRDEMOKRAT PART\u0130 iktidar\u0131 serbest ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yap\u0131lan se\u00e7im sonucunda HR\u0130ST\u0130YAN DEMOKRATLARINDA deste\u011fini alan H\u00dcRDEMOKRAT PART\u0130 iktidar, ADENAUER de Ba\u015fbakan oldu. Alman ekonomi mucizesinin mimar\u0131 EBERHARD da ekonomi bakan\u0131 oldu. Alman ekonomisi serbest piyasaya uygun hale getirildi. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6re \u00f6ncelik veren politikalar uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Yine de Alman ekonomisi, karma ekonomi olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini uzun y\u0131llar korudu. Temelde Alman ekonomisi; h\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ve i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir uzla\u015f\u0131 grubu taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendiriliyordu ve halen ayn\u0131d\u0131r. As\u0131l mucizeyi yaratan da bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc uzla\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Almanya\u2019da devlet en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fverendir. 1980\u2019li   y\u0131llarda bile \u00fclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck 500 kurulu\u015funun 90\u2019\u0131nda devlet, \u00e7o\u011funluk hissesine  sahiptir. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck banka da devlete aittir. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n IMF y\u00f6netimindeki oy a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 %6.1\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde motor g\u00fc\u00e7 olup, Euro B\u00f6lgesi Ekonomisini; dirayetli lideri \u015eans\u00f6lye Bayan Merkel\u2019in Alman Ulusculu\u011fu ideolojisi ba\u011flam\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131 ile g\u00f6t\u00fcrmekteydi. \u00d6zellikle de Rus lider PUT\u0130N\u2019le d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme ad\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yak\u0131n temaslar takdire \u015fayand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Aydo\u011fan. M. Yeni D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeni Kemalizm ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DR. RAMAZAN A\u00c7IKG\u00d6Z<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DEVLET\u0130N EKONOM\u0130DEK\u0130 ROL\u00dc ve KEMAL\u0130ST DEVLET\u00c7\u0130L\u0130K – 2             D\u00fcnk\u00fc yaz\u0131m\u0131zdaki ilk \u00f6rne\u011fimiz \u0130ngiltere idi, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde de ikinci \u00f6rne\u011fimiz; \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fimiz dostlu\u011funa g\u00fcven duydu\u011fumuz, [more…]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17041,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gundem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17077","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17077"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17077\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17041"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akdenizhaber.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}